BAYLSON, District Judge.
Currently pending before the Court in this action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and state law are the parties' cross-motions in limine to exclude certain evidence at trial. Defendants filed the following three motions: 1) a Motion in Limine to Preclude Opinion Testimony of Walter Signorelli, Plaintiff's Police Expert; 2) a Motion in Limine to Preclude Evidence of Pre-Incident Lawsuits and Settlements; and 3) a Motion in Limine to Preclude Plaintiff from Offering Evidence at Trial of Citizen Complaints filed Against Police Officer Dewees and Prior Disciplinary Records.
Plaintiff filed a Motion to Preclude Introduction of Plaintiff's Plea of Guilty in State Criminal Proceedings and to Preclude Testimony from Defendants' Witnesses Anna Marie Murphy, Esquire, Anthony Amoroso, Esquire, Jay Mettera, Esquire, Sam Yim, Esquire and Donna Gorbey on June 1, 2011.
The Court has reviewed the parties' motions and responses in opposition, and held oral argument on pending motions on May 24, 2011. Defendants' Motion in Limine to Preclude Opinion Testimony of Walter Signorelli (ECF No. 25) will be granted in part and denied in part. The Court will reserve decision on Defendants' Motions in Limine to Preclude Evidence of Pre-Incident Lawsuits and Settlements (ECF No. 30) and to Preclude Evidence of Citizen Complaints filed Against Police Officer Dewees and Prior Disciplinary Records (ECF No. 31) until trial. Plaintiff's Motion to Preclude Introduction of Plaintiff's Plea of Guilty in State Criminal Proceedings and to Preclude Testimony from Murphy,
The case arises out of an incident that occurred on the morning of January 29, 2009, when Plaintiff Julia Quagliarello ("Plaintiff"), then an 18-year-old student, was driving to Widener University in Chester, PA. Compl. ¶ ¶ 8-9 (ECF No. 1). The Complaint alleges that Plaintiff made a left-hand turn from East 22nd Street onto Melrose Avenue and drove approximately four to six blocks when she saw a police vehicle with flashing lights behind her. Compl. ¶ ¶ 10-11. Plaintiff pulled over her vehicle at the intersection of East 14th Street and Melrose Avenues. Compl. ¶ 12. Chester Police Officer Joshua Dewees ("Officer Dewees") exited the police vehicle with gun drawn, ordered Plaintiff to get out of the car, and Plaintiff complied. Compl. ¶ ¶ 13-14. Officer Dewees forcibly handcuffed Plaintiff and took her to the Chester Police Department, where she was charged with fleeing or attempting to elude a police officer and disorderly conduct, and held for three hours. Compl. ¶ ¶ 15-17. Following a hearing on July 8, 2009 in the Court of Common Pleas, Delaware County, all charges against Plaintiff were withdrawn. Compl. ¶ 18.
Plaintiff alleged the following claims against Officer Dewees and the City of Chester (collectively, "Defendants"): violation of her Fourth Amendment right to be secure in one's person (Count I); false arrest and false imprisonment (Count II); deprivation of Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment Rights (Count III); negligent failure to train and supervise (Count IV, against City of Chester only); assault and battery (Count V, against Officer Dewees only); malicious prosecution (Count VI); and intentional infliction of emotional distress (Count VII). No dispositive motions were filed in this case.
Plaintiff's police expert Walter Signorelli ("Signorelli") filed reports in this case on July 31, 2010 (Ex. A to Defs.' Mot. Limine), October 1, 2010 (Ex. B to Defs.' Mot. Limine), and October 18, 2010 (Ex. C to Defs.' Mot. Limine). Defendants move to preclude Signorelli from testifying to or otherwise presenting evidence of opinions that fall into four categories: 1) opinions that embrace ultimate legal issues; 2) opinions as to credibility of witnesses; 3) opinions as to Officer Dewees's state of mind; and 4) opinions that have no basis in fact or law and will prejudice or inflame the jury. The Court examines each of these issues below.
Defendants argue that Signorelli offers opinions embracing the ultimate legal issues in the case, which intrude on the role of the jury and should be excluded under Fed.R.Evid. 704(a). These opinions include whether the police had probable cause to stop and arrest Plaintiff, whether the police used unreasonable and unnecessary force, whether Officer Dewees acted in a reasonable or necessary manner, whether the City of Chester was indifferent to Plaintiff, and whether Plaintiff's actions were a "public annoyance." Plaintiff, in her response (ECF No. 41), contends that Signorelli's statements are descriptive and not intended to have legal import.
Federal Rule of Evidence 704(a) provides that, in general, "testimony in the form of an opinion or inference otherwise admissible is not objectionable because it embraces an ultimate issue to be decided by the trier of fact." "Rule 704 of the Federal Rules of Evidence `provides that opinion testimony is not objectionable because
Defendants cite Burger v. Mays, 176 F.R.D. 153 (E.D.Pa.1997) (Van Antwerpen, J.) for the proposition that the court should exclude an expert's "testimony that the Defendant's use of force was unreasonable under the circumstances or that the Defendant unreasonably seized the Plaintiff." Id. at 157. In Burger, the plaintiff in a civil rights action against an arresting officer sought to call a criminologist as an expert to testify that the officer did not follow proper police procedure in apprehending the plaintiff, and that the officer's use of force was unreasonable. Id. at 156. The court found that the expert's testimony regarding police procedures was "relevant to the jury's determination that the Defendant unlawfully seized and assaulted the Plaintiff" and did not "intrude upon the jury's role to determine the ultimate issues in this case," and thus was admissible. Id. at 156-57. However, the court distinguished the expert's testimony regarding the unreasonableness of the force used in the seizure, finding that the opinion "would be instructing the jury what result to reach and would be expressing a legal conclusion." Id. at 157 (citing Hygh v. Jacobs, 961 F.2d 359, 364 (2d Cir.1992)). The testimony regarding the reasonableness of the defendant's use of force was not admissible. Id.
Similarly, in Tschappat v. Groff, Civ. A. No. 3:CV-01-2279, 2004 WL 5509087 (M.D.Pa. June 2, 2004) (Blewitt, M.J.), the court held that a police expert "should be allowed to testify as to what proper police procedures are in apprehending a suspect and whether Defendant Groff failed to follow proper police procedures," and also "to the prevailing use of force standards," which were relevant to the jury's determination whether the officer unlawfully seized and assaulted the plaintiff. Id. at *3. However, the expert was not permitted "to testify that Defendant Groff unreasonably seized the Plaintiff or that Defendant Groff's conduct was unreasonable under the circumstances," because such testimony "would intrude upon the jury's function to decide one of the ultimate issues in this case" and "impermissibly expresse[d] legal conclusions." Id. See also Berry v. City of Detroit, 25 F.3d 1342, 1353-54 (6th Cir. 1994) (testimony by a purported police expert that a city's failure to discipline its officers for using unwarranted deadly force constituted "deliberate indifference" was an inadmissible legal conclusion); Whitmill v. City of Philadelphia, 29 F.Supp.2d 241, 246 (E.D.Pa.1998) (Hart, M.J.) (police expert was not permitted to offer an opinion on the legality of the plaintiff's seizure because the issue "was a matter for the jury to decide after proper instruction from the court" and the expert
Accordingly, the Court will grant Defendants' motion to preclude Signorelli's opinions as to ultimate legal conclusions, including whether Officer Dewees used "unreasonable" force, whether Dewees had "probable cause," whether the treatment of Plaintiff was "unlawful," and whether the City showed "indifference." The Court will admit Signorelli's opinions about police training, prevailing standards for use of force, and proper police procedures (e.g., "Police Officers are trained that they may use force only when necessary and reasonable").
Defendants argue that the Court should exclude Signorelli's testimony about witness's credibility as impermissible under Fed.R.Evid. 702
In this case, Defendant cites eight examples of supposed credibility assessments in Signorelli's expert reports, including the following statements and phrases: the "alleged traffic signal violation"; Plaintiff's "explanation" of her actions; Officer Dewees "may have been annoyed" by Plaintiff; Officer Dewees "should have known that he could not shoot the Plaintiff for going through a red light and failing to stop";
Plaintiff contends that these statements are not credibility assessments, and the Court somewhat agrees. The Court will preclude as an improper credibility assessment any opinions as to reasonableness, why an officer acted or failed to act, and the statement that Officer Dewees "has not articulated any facts or observations to support his conjecture." The remainder of the statements reviewed in this section will not be precluded as credibility determinations.
Defendants argue that Signorelli is not qualified to testify about Officer Dewees's state of mind. Specifically, Defendants move to preclude Signorelli from
The Third Circuit has held that Federal Rule of Evidence 702 has "two major requirements": 1) "the proffered `expert' must be qualified to express an expert opinion," based on the expert's "`knowledge, skills, and training,'" and 2) "the proffered expert opinion must be reliable." In re TMI Litig., 193 F.3d 613, 664 (3d Cir.1999) (quoting In re Paoli R.R. Yard PCB Litig., 35 F.3d 717, 741 (3d Cir.1994)). Defendants cite Roberson v. City of Philadelphia, No. Civ. A. 99-3574, 2001 WL 210294, at *5 n. 12 (E.D.Pa.2001) (Shapiro, J.) for the proposition that a police liability expert should be precluded from testifying about an officer's state of mind because the expert is not qualified in that field. See also Robinson v. Hartzell Propeller Inc., 326 F.Supp.2d 631, 648 (E.D.Pa.2004) (DuBois, J.) (metallurgy and FAA experts were not qualified to testify as to the state of mind of defendant's employees).
Here, Plaintiff has not offered Signorelli as an expert with knowledge, skills, and training in assessing state of mind, and it is doubtful any expert could testify as to state of mind. Therefore, Defendants' motion will be granted with respect to precluding Signorelli's opinions as to Officer Dewees's state of mind.
Defendants contend that certain opinions in Signorelli's report are meant only to inflame or prejudice the jury. Specifically, Defendants move to preclude 1) the statement that "the Officer should have known that he could not shoot the Plaintiff for going through a red light and failing to stop"; and 2) allegations against Officer Dewees raised in previous cases filed against the City of Chester.
Under Fed.R.Evid. 404(b), evidence of prior bad acts are not admissible to show conformity therewith, but may be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of knowledge. Beck v. City of Pittsburgh, 89 F.3d 966, 973 (3d Cir.1996). In United States v. Green, 617 F.3d 233 (3d Cir.2010), the Third Circuit held that "other act" evidence is admissible under Rule 404(b) if it (1) has a proper evidentiary purpose; (2) is relevant; (3) satisfies Rule 403; and (4) is accompanied by a requested limiting instruction as to the purpose for which the jury may consider the evidence. Id. at 249-50 (citing United States v. Butch, 256 F.3d 171, 175 (3d Cir.2001)). Under Fed.R.Evid. 403, evidence that is otherwise relevant "may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence."
Here, the Court will preclude Signorelli from testifying that "the Officer should have known that he could not shoot the Plaintiff." The statement is inflammatory, unduly prejudicial, and has no relationship to the facts of the case. Signorelli may testify that it would have been improper procedure to shoot.
With respect to statements regarding prior complaints and allegations against Officer Dewees, Plaintiff contends that these opinions should be admissible against the City of Chester as to claims pursuant to Monell v. New York City Dept. of Social Services, 436 U.S. 658, 98 S.Ct. 2018, 56 L.Ed.2d 611 (1978) (municipality
Here, the prior complaints are not admissible against the individual officer because they would tend to show propensity and are unduly prejudicial. Fed.R.Evid. 404(b), 403. The Court may permit evidence of the prior complaints as proof of knowledge by the City of Chester with respect to the Monell claim. The Court will withhold ruling, however, until the evidence is introduced, because admissibility will depend on the nature of the evidence and the manner in which the proof is offered. If the evidence is admitted, the Court will instruct the jury to consider the evidence only as it relates to the City of Chester.
Defendants also filed motions in limine to preclude all testimony and evidence of pre-incident lawsuits and settlements in Turner v. Chester, and Reese v. Chester, citizen complaints against Officer Dewees, and Officer Dewees's prior disciplinary record. Defendants move to exclude this evidence as not relevant under Fed. R.Evid. 401 and 402; as inadmissible prior acts under Fed.R.Evid. 404(b); as confusing and a waste of time under Fed.R.Evid. 403; and as inadmissible hearsay, because the cases did not have full hearings on the merits, under Fed.R.Evid. 801-804.
Under Rule 404(b), an officer's disciplinary records are not admissible "if offered to prove a disposition to violence on the part of [the defendant] Officer," but may be admissible to show an officer's intent to use violence. West v. City of Philadelphia, Civ. A. No. 86-7487, 1988 WL 21955, at *1 (E.D.Pa. Feb. 29, 1988) (McGlynn, J.). In West, the court held that the disciplinary record, which contained two remote off-duty incidents and an unsubstantiated complaint for which the officer had been exonerated, was not relevant under Rule 401, and excluded the evidence. Id. at *3. See also Whichard v. Baylor, No. Civ. A. 01-CV-148, 2004 WL 1490360, at *2-3 (E.D.Pa. July 1, 2004) (Kauffman, J.) (excluding evidence of prior bad acts by prison officials for the purpose of proving that officials intended to cause harm in this case, because "[t]he risk is too high that the jury, regardless of how well instructed, would conclude that, because these officers had used improper force on a prisoner before, they were more likely to have done so here"); Thompson v. Mancuso, No. 08-3638, 2009 WL 2616713, at *5 (E.D.Pa. Aug. 25, 2009) (Restrepo, J.) (excluding incidents of excessive force by officers where "the facts underlying all three incidents are not sufficiently similar to show that the Defendants acted pursuant to any unique or distinct modus operandi").
By contrast, in Beck v. City of Pittsburgh, 89 F.3d 966, 969 (3d Cir.1996), the plaintiff "introduced reports of specific civilian
Defendants also move to preclude evidence of the settlements reached in Turner and Reese pursuant to Fed.R.Evid. 408. Under Rule 408, evidence of negotiations or agreements in compromise of a claim are inadmissible to prove liability for the claim. Fed.R.Evid. 408; see Affiliated Mfrs., Inc. v. Aluminum Co. of Am., 56 F.3d 521, 526 (3d Cir.1995) ("The application of the rule is limited to evidence concerning settlement or compromise of a claim, where the evidence is offered to establish liability, or the validity or amount of the claim."); McShain, Inc. v. Cessna Aircraft Co., 563 F.2d 632, 635 (3d Cir. 1977) (holding that the district court did not err in admitting the settlement release for the purpose of impeaching a witness).
Here, the settlements that Defendants seek to exclude relate to other cases, not Plaintiff's claims on trial. Therefore, Rule 408 does not preclude evidence of the settlements, though the evidence may be inadmissible under another evidentiary rule.
The Court will withhold ruling on these motions until Plaintiff seeks to introduce the evidence at trial. Evidence of Officer Dewees's disciplinary record will not be admissible against him to show propensity and because it is unduly prejudicial, unless Plaintiff can show a limited purpose under Fed.R.Evid. 404(b). However, the prior complaints and cases may be admissible against the City of Chester. Admissibility will turn on both the nature of the evidence, including how long ago the complaints were filed and the similarity of their subject matter to these facts, and the purpose for which the evidence is offered, such as whether it tends to show that the City of Chester was on notice of Officer Dewees's conduct. The Court will assess these issues at trial.
Plaintiff moves pursuant to Fed.R.Evid. 410 and attorney-client privilege to preclude the testimony, evidence, and questions relating to her plea of guilty and her plea withdrawal in state court, including testimony of Plaintiff's attorney Anna Marie Murphy, Plaintiff's neighbor and Murphy's employee, Donna Gorbey a.k.a. Donna Peters ("Gorbey"),
After Officer Dewees arrested Plaintiff and took her to Chester Police station, Plaintiff was charged with fleeing and
Plaintiff contends that any evidence of her withdrawn guilty plea and discussions with the Assistant District Attorneys regarding her withdrawn guilty plea is inadmissible pursuant to Federal Rule of Evidence 410. The Rule states:
Fed.R.Evid. 410. For their part, Defendants contend that Rule 410 should not apply because Plaintiff has brought a malicious prosecution claim, for which she must establish that the Defendants initiated the proceeding without probable cause and that the criminal proceeding was resolved in her favor.
The parties' contentions regarding Rule 410 relate to the doctrine of collateral estoppel, discussed by the Supreme Court in the seminal case Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477, 114 S.Ct. 2364, 129 L.Ed.2d 383 (1994).
Id. at 487, 114 S.Ct. 2364. Accord Torres v. McLaughlin, 163 F.3d 169, 173 (3d Cir. 1998) ("We read Heck to mean that if a section 1983 plaintiff seeks to recover for an unconstitutional conviction, imprisonment, or other harm caused by actions whose unlawfulness would render the conviction or sentence unlawful, the plaintiff must prove that the conviction or sentence has been reverse, expunged, or declared invalid.").
Following Heck, courts held that a Section 1983 plaintiff cannot use Rule 410 to prevent the introduction of evidence of a plea of no contest in the civil rights action. In Walker v. Schaeffer, 854 F.2d 138 (6th Cir.1988), the plaintiffs sued two police officers for false arrest, detention, and imprisonment in violation of their constitutional rights pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Id. at 139. The police offers had arrested plaintiffs for disorderly conduct and reckless driving, and the plaintiffs had voluntarily entered pleas of nolo contendere in their state court criminal actions. Id. at 139-40. In the criminal proceedings, "each plaintiff, in effect, admitted facts in open court evidencing his guilt, and the state court found both [plaintiffs] guilty of the offenses charged against them by defendant officers." Id. at 141-42. The question before the Sixth Circuit was: "Having voluntarily entered these pleas in state court and having been found guilty of the charges against them, are plaintiffs now estopped from seeking damages resting upon claims based upon alleged false arrest and false imprisonment?" Id. at 142. The Sixth Circuit answered this question affirmatively, holding "that the pleas in state court made by defendants and the finding of guilt and imposition of fines by that court estop plaintiffs from now asserting in federal court that the defendant police officers acted without probable cause." Id. (reversing the district court's denial of summary judgment to the police officers).
Significantly, the Sixth Circuit determined that Rule 410 did not bar the police officers from introducing evidence of the plaintiffs' nolo contendere pleas in the civil action. Id. at 143. The court reasoned that "the kind of situation contemplated by Rule 410[is] the use of a nolo contendere plea against the pleader in a subsequent civil or criminal action in which he is the defendant," not a situation where police officers, as civil defendants, use the nolo contendere plea in their defense against civil liability. Id. See also Shelton v. City of Taylor, 92 Fed.Appx. 178, 183 (6th Cir. 2004) (non-precedential) (rejecting the plaintiff's argument that a no-contest plea and dismissal of the charge was a favorable outcome for purposes of a malicious prosecution claim, because the court "declined to allow Rule 410 to become an offensive weapon and thereby undermine its basic purpose"); Small v. Strain, No. Civ. A. 00-3441, 2002 WL 519804, at *2 (E.D.La. Apr. 2, 2002) (Shushan, M.J.) (rejecting the argument that a "plea of no contest cannot be used against [a Section 1983 plaintiff] in a civil suit pursuant to Fed.R.Evid. 410").
The Third Circuit has not ruled on the applicability of Rule 410 in a civil action involving a malicious prosecution claim.
Judge Cercone also rejected Domitrovich's argument that Rule 410 precluded evidence of the nolo contendere plea in the civil case. Id. Judge Cercone agreed with the Sixth Circuit in Walker that Rule 410 was not intended to allow a former criminal defendant "`to use the plea offensively, in order to obtain damages, after having admitted facts which would indicate no civil liability on the part of the arresting police.'" Id. (quoting Walker, 854 F.2d at 142-43). Furthermore, Domitrovich's false arrest and malicious prosecution claims were barred under Heck, because Domitrovich could not establish the invalidity of his conviction. Id. (citing Heck, 512 U.S. at 487, 114 S.Ct. 2364).
This Court finds Walker and Domitrovich to be persuasive authority for the proposition that a former criminal defendant cannot use Rule 410 to preclude admission of a nolo contendere plea in a related civil action alleging malicious prosecution. However, these cases are distinguishable from the instant case, which concerns a withdrawn guilty plea rather than a plea of nolo contendere. While "a plea of nolo contendere is not an admission of guilt," it "has the same legal consequences as a plea of guilty and results in a conviction." United States v. Adedoyin, 369 F.3d 337, 344 (3d Cir.2004) (citations omitted). "It is well settled that a plea of nolo contendere admits `every essential element of the offense (that is) well pleaded in the charge.'" Id.) (quoting United States v. Williams, 642 F.2d 136, 138 (5th Cir.1981). By contrast, when a defendant withdraws a guilty plea, she is no longer bound by the factual basis underlying the plea. See United States v. Davis, 617 F.2d 677, 682 n. 13, 684 (D.C.Cir.1979) ("statements made in conjunction with a plea of guilty that is made in open court but ... later withdrawn ... are inadmissible" under Fed.R.Crim.P. 11(e)(6), which was "virtually identical to ... Fed.R.Evid. 410").
A case illustrating the non-preclusive effect of a withdrawn guilty plea is United States v. Montes, 976 F.2d 235 (5th Cir. 1992). Montes and his co-defendants agreed to plead guilty to conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute marijuana, and the factual basis of the plea described the amount of marijuana. Id. at 238. Montes later withdrew his guilty plea
In this case, because Plaintiff withdrew her guilty plea, rather than entered a nolo contendere plea, Rule 410 applies. Defendants are precluded from introducing evidence of Plaintiff's withdrawn guilty plea and discussions with the Assistant District Attorneys about the plea.
Plaintiff contends that Murphy cannot testify as to her conversations with Plaintiff, because any conversations between Plaintiff and her criminal defense attorney are privileged pursuant to Fed. R.Evid. 501. The attorney-client privilege "is intended to encourage `full and frank communication between attorneys and their clients and thereby promote broader public interests in the observance of law and the administration of justice.'" Swidler & Berlin v. United States, 524 U.S. 399, 403, 118 S.Ct. 2081, 141 L.Ed.2d 379 (1998) (quoting Upjohn Co. v. United States, 449 U.S. 383, 389, 101 S.Ct. 677, 66 L.Ed.2d 584 (1981)). Confidential communications are not intended to be disclosed to third persons other that parties who further the provision of professional legal services. United States v. Moscony, 927 F.2d 742, 752 (3d Cir.1991). "The ultimate key to determining confidentiality is intent." Id. (clients' signing of affidavit in the presence of a third-party did not waive the attorney-client privilege where the clients intended their communications to be confidential).
Defendants argue that Plaintiff waived the attorney-client privilege because she consulted with Murphy in the presence of third parties, i.e. her parents and Gorbey. Westinghouse Elec. Corp. v. Republic of Philippines, 951 F.2d 1414, 1424 (3d Cir.1991) (citing United States v. AT & T, 642 F.2d 1285, 1299 (D.C.Cir. 1980)) ("voluntary disclosure to a third party of purportedly privileged communications has long been considered inconsistent with an assertion of the privilege").
The Court finds that Plaintiff did not waive the privilege as to discussions where Donna Gorbey and Plaintiff's parents were present. In Kevlik v. Goldstein, 724 F.2d 844 (1st Cir.1984), the First Circuit held that the presence of a client's father at the meeting with his attorney did not waive the attorney-client privilege where the client intended that his communications with the attorney were confidential. Id. at 849. Furthermore, "[t]he presence of a third party will not vitiate the attorney-client privilege if the third party is the attorney's or client's agent or possesses a commonality of interest with the client." In re Grand Jury Investigation, 918 F.2d 374, 386 n. 19 (3d Cir.1990) (citing 8 Wigmore at § 2311); see also Miller v. Haulmark Transport Sys., 104 F.R.D. 442, 445 (E.D.Pa.1984) (Huyett, J.) ("[T]he privilege is not destroyed when a person other than
For the reasons discussed above, Defendants' Motion in Limine to Preclude Opinion Testimony of Walter Signorelli, Plaintiff's Police Expert will be granted in part and denied in part. The Court will withhold ruling on Defendants' Motion in Limine to Preclude Evidence of Pre-Incident Lawsuits and Settlements and Defendants' Motion in Limine to Preclude Plaintiff from Offering Evidence at Trial of Citizen Complaints filed Against Police Officer Dewees and Prior Disciplinary Records. Plaintiff's Motion to Preclude Introduction of Plaintiff's Plea of Guilty in State Criminal Proceedings and to Preclude Testimony from Defendants' Witnesses Anna Marie Murphy, Esquire, Anthony Amoroso, Esquire, Jay Mettera, Esquire, Sam Yim, Esquire and Donna Gorbey will be granted.
An appropriate Order follows.
